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Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV ((ドイツ語:Heinrich IV); 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) ascended to King of the Germans〔''Medieval Europeans: studies in ethnic identity and national perspectives in medieval Europe'' By Alfred P. Smyth, Palgrave Macmillan (1998)〕 in 1056 . From 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105, he was also referred to as the King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars over his throne both in Italy and Germany. He died of illness, soon after defeating his son's army near Visé, in Lorraine.
==Biography==
In 1057, at the age of seven, Henry IV became the King of the Germans, and his mother, Agnes of Poitou, became regent. In 1062 the young king was kidnapped as a result of the Coup of Kaiserswerth, a conspiracy of German nobles led by Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne. Henry, who was at Kaiserwerth, was persuaded to board a boat lying in the Rhine; it was immediately unmoored and the king jumped into the stream, but he was rescued by one of the conspirators and carried to Cologne. Agnes retired to a convent, and the government was placed in the hands of Anno whose first move was to back Pope Alexander II against the antipope Honorius II, whom Agnes had initially recognized but subsequently left without support. Anno's rule proved unpopular.
The education and training of Henry were supervised by Anno, who was called his ''magister'', while Adalbert of Hamburg, archbishop of Bremen, was styled Henry's ''patronus''. Henry's education seems to have been neglected, and his willful and headstrong nature developed under the conditions of these early years. The malleable Adalbert of Hamburg soon became the confidante of the ruthless Henry. Eventually, during an absence of Anno from Germany, Henry managed to obtain control of his civil duties, leaving Anno with only an ecclesiastical role.
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